Complete basic operations using SharePoint REST endpoints

You can perform basic create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations by using the Representational State Transfer (REST) interface provided by SharePoint. The REST interface exposes all the SharePoint entities and operations that are available in the other SharePoint client APIs. One advantage of using REST is that you don't have to add references to any SharePoint libraries or client assemblies. Instead, you make HTTP requests to the appropriate endpoints to retrieve or update SharePoint entities, such as webs, lists, and list items.

For an introduction to the SharePoint REST interface and its architecture, see Get to know the SharePoint REST service.

For information about how to work with core SharePoint entities, see Working with lists and list items with REST and Working with folders and files with REST.

For a sample that shows you how to do many of these operations in the context of an ASP.NET web application written in C#, see SharePoint-Add-in-REST-OData-BasicDataOperations.

For information about the sets of APIs available on the SharePoint platform, see Choose the right API set in SharePoint.

For information about how to use the other client APIs, see:

• Complete basic operations using JavaScript library code in SharePoint- Complete basic operations using SharePoint client library code
• Build Windows Phone apps that access SharePoint

HTTP operations in SharePoint REST services

The endpoints in the SharePoint REST service correspond to the types and members in the SharePoint client object models. By using HTTP requests, you can use these REST endpoints to perform typical CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) operations against SharePoint entities, such as lists and sites.

Typically, endpoints that represent Read operations map to HTTP GET commands, endpoints that represent create operations map to HTTP POST commands, and endpoints that represent update or insert operations map to HTTP PUT commands.

In SharePoint, use POST to create entities such as lists and sites. The SharePoint REST service supports sending POST commands that include object definitions to endpoints that represent collections. For example, you could send a POST command that included a new list object definition in ATOM to the following URL, to create a SharePoint list:

http://<site url>/_api/web/lists

For POST operations, any properties that are not required are set to their default values. If you attempt to set a read-only property as part of a POST operation, the service returns an exception.

Use PUT and MERGE operations to update existing SharePoint objects. Any service endpoint that represents an object property set operation supports both PUT requests and MERGE requests. For MERGE requests, setting properties is optional; any properties that you do not explicitly set retain their current property. For PUT commands, however, any properties you do not explicitly set are set to their default properties. In addition, if you do not specify all required properties in object updates when using HTTP PUT commands, the REST service returns an exception.

Use the HTTP DELETE command against the specific endpoint URL to delete the SharePoint object represented by that endpoint. In the case of recyclable objects, such as lists, files, and list items, this results in a Recycle operation.

Reading data with the SharePoint REST interface

To use the REST capabilities that are built into SharePoint, you construct a RESTful HTTP request, using the OData standard, which corresponds to the client object model API you want to use. Each SharePoint entity is exposed at an endpoint on the SharePoint site that you are targeting, and its metadata is represented in either XML or JSON format. You can make the HTTP requests in any language, including but not limited to JavaScript and C#.

To read information from a REST endpoint, you must know both the URL of the endpoint and the OData representation of the SharePoint entity that is exposed at that endpoint. For example, to retrieve all the lists in a specific SharePoint site, you would make a GET request to http://<site url>/_api/web/lists. You can navigate to this URL in your browser and see the XML that gets returned. When you make the request in code, you can specify whether to receive the OData representation of the lists in XML or JSON.

The following C# code demonstrates how to make this GET request that returns a JSON representation of all of a site's lists by using JQuery. It also assumes that you have a valid OAuth access token that is stored in the accessToken variable. You do not need the access token if you make this call from inside an add-in web, as you would in a SharePoint-hosted add-in. Note that you cannot obtain an access token from code that is running on a browser client. You must obtain the access token from code that is running on a server.

For more information about how you can obtain an access token, see Context Token OAuth flow for SharePoint Add-ins and Authorization Code OAuth flow for SharePoint Add-ins.

HttpWebRequest endpointRequest =
  (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(
  "http://<site url>/_api/web/lists");
endpointRequest.Method = "GET";
endpointRequest.Accept = "application/json;odata=verbose";
endpointRequest.Headers.Add("Authorization",
  "Bearer " + accessToken);
HttpWebResponse endpointResponse =
  (HttpWebResponse)endpointRequest.GetResponse();

This request would look a little different if you are writing your add-in in JavaScript while using the SharePoint cross-domain library. In this case, you don't need to provide an access token.

The following code demonstrates how this request would look if you are using the cross-domain library and want to receive the OData representation of the lists as XML instead of JSON. (Because Atom is the default response format, you don't have to include an Accept header.) For more information about using the cross-domain library, see Access SharePoint data from add-ins using the cross-domain library.

var executor = new SP.RequestExecutor(appweburl);
executor.executeAsync(
  {
    url: appweburl +
          "/_api/SP.AppContextSite(@target)/web/lists?@target='" +
          hostweburl + "'",
    method: "GET",
    success: successHandler,
    error: errorHandler
  }
);

The code in the following example shows you how to request a JSON representation of all of the lists in a site by using C#. It assumes that you have an OAuth access token that you are storing in the accessToken variable.

HttpWebRequest endpointRequest = (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(sharepointUrl.ToString() + "/_api/web/lists");
endpointRequest.Method = "GET";
endpointRequest.Accept = "application/json;odata=verbose";
endpointRequest.Headers.Add("Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
HttpWebResponse endpointResponse = (HttpWebResponse)endpointRequest.GetResponse();

Getting properties that aren't returned with the resource

Many property values are returned when you retrieve a resource, but for some properties, you have to send a GET request directly to the property endpoint. This is typical of properties that represent SharePoint entities.

The following example shows how to get a property by appending the property name to the resource endpoint. The example gets the value of the Author property from a File resource.

http://<site url>/_api/web/getfilebyserverrelativeurl('/<folder name>/<file name>')/author

To get the results in JSON format, include an Accept header set to "application/json;odata=verbose".

Writing data by using the REST interface

You can create and update SharePoint entities by constructing RESTful HTTP requests to the appropriate endpoints, just as you do when you're reading data. One key difference, however, is that you use a POST request. When you're updating entities, you also pass a PUT or MERGE HTTP request method by adding one of those terms to the headers of your request as the value of the X-HTTP-Method key. The MERGE method updates only the properties of the entity that you specify, while the PUT method replaces the existing entity with a new one that you supply in the body of the POST. Use the DELETE method to delete the entity. When you create or update an entity, you must provide an OData representation of the entity that you want to create or change in the body of your HTTP request.

Another important consideration when creating, updating, and deleting SharePoint entities is that if you aren't using OAuth to authorize your requests, these operations require the server's request form digest value as the value of the X-RequestDigest header. You can retrieve this value by making a POST request with an empty body to http://<site url>/_api/contextinfo and extracting the value of the d:FormDigestValue node in the XML that the contextinfo endpoint returns. The following example shows an HTTP request to the contextinfo endpoint in C#.

HttpWebRequest endpointRequest =(HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(
                                    "http://<site url>/_api/contextinfo");
endpointRequest.Method = "POST";
endpointRequest.Accept = "application/json;odata=verbose";
HttpWebResponse endpointResponse = (HttpWebResponse)endpointRequest.GetResponse();

If you're using the authentication and authorization flow described in Authorization and authentication of SharePoint Add-ins, you don't need to include the request digest in your requests.

If you're using the JavaScript cross-domain library, SP.RequestExecutor handles getting and sending the form digest value for you.

If you're creating a SharePoint-hosted SharePoint Add-in, you don't have to make a separate HTTP request to retrieve the form digest value. Instead, you can retrieve the value in JavaScript code from the SharePoint page (if the page uses the default master page), as shown in the following example, which uses JQuery and creates a list.

jQuery.ajax({
        url: "http://<site url>/_api/web/lists",
        type: "POST",
        data:  JSON.stringify({ '__metadata': { 'type': 'SP.List' }, 'AllowContentTypes': true,
 'BaseTemplate': 100, 'ContentTypesEnabled': true, 'Description': 'My list description', 'Title': 'Test' }
),
        headers: {
            "accept": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "content-type": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "content-length": <length of post body>,
            "X-RequestDigest": $("#__REQUESTDIGEST").val()
        },
        success: doSuccess,
        error: doError
});

The following example shows how to update the list that is created in the previous example. The example changes the title of the list, uses JQuery, and assumes that you are doing this operation in a SharePoint-hosted add-in.

jQuery.ajax({
        url: "http://<site url>/_api/web/lists/GetByTitle('Test')",
        type: "POST",
        data: JSON.stringify({ '__metadata': { 'type': 'SP.List' }, 'Title': 'New title' }),
        headers: {
            "X-HTTP-Method":"MERGE",
            "accept": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "content-type": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "content-length": <length of post body>,
            "X-RequestDigest": $("#__REQUESTDIGEST").val(),
            "IF-MATCH": "*"
        },
        success: doSuccess,
        error: doError
});

The value of the IF-MATCH key in the request headers is where you specify the etag value of a list or list item. This particular value applies only to lists and list items, and is intended to help you avoid concurrency problems when you update those entities. The previous example uses an asterisk (*) for this value, and you can use that value whenever you don't have any reason to worry about concurrency issues. Otherwise, you should obtain the etag value or a list or list item by performing a GET request that retrieves the entity. The response headers of the resulting HTTP response pass the etag as the value of the ETag key. This value is also included in the entity metadata.

The following example shows the opening <entry> tag for the XML node that contains the list information. The m:etag property contains the etag value.

<entry xml:base="http://site url/_api/" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom
       xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices"
       xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices/metadata"
       xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" m:etag=""1"">

Creating a site with REST

The following example shows how to create a site in JavaScript.

jQuery.ajax({
    url: "http://<site url>/_api/web/webinfos/add",
    type: "POST",
    data: JSON.stringify(
        {'parameters': {
            '__metadata':  {'type': 'SP.WebInfoCreationInformation' },
            'Url': 'RestSubWeb',
            'Title': 'RestSubWeb',
            'Description': 'REST created web',
            'Language':1033,
            'WebTemplate':'sts',
            'UseUniquePermissions':false}
        }
    ),
    headers: {
        "accept": "application/json; odata=verbose",
        "content-type":"application/json;odata=verbose",
        "content-length": <length of post body>,
        "X-RequestDigest": $("#__REQUESTDIGEST").val()
    },
    success: doSuccess,
    error: doError
});

How REST requests differ by environment

Building and sending an HTTP request may vary according to language, library, and add-in type, so you often need to change one or more request components when you're translating a request from one environment to another. For example, jQuery AJAX requests use data and type parameters to specify the request body and type, but cross-domain library requests use body and method parameters to specify those values.

The following sections describe other common differences across environments.

The way you get and send the form digest value depends on the add-in

When you send a POST request, the request must include the form digest value in the X-RequestDigest header. However, the way you get and send the value differs by add-in:

• In SharePoint-hosted add-ins, you can just pass the following header:

  "X-RequestDigest": $("#__REQUESTDIGEST").val()

• In cloud-hosted add-ins that use OAuth, first retrieve the form digest value by sending a request to the contextinfo endpoint, and then add it to requests, as shown in Writing data by using the REST interface.

• In cloud-hosted add-ins that use the JavaScript cross-domain library, you don't need to specify the form digest value. By default, SP.RequestExecutor automatically handles this for you. (It also handles the content-length value.)

Add-ins that use OAuth must pass access tokens in requests

Cloud-hosted add-ins use either OAuth or the cross-domain library to authorize access to SharePoint data. Add-in components with code that runs on a remote web server must use OAuth to authorize access to SharePoint data. In this case, you need to include an Authorization header to send the access token. For an example that adds an authorization header to an HTTPWebRequest object, see Reading data with the SharePoint REST interface.

To learn more about OAuth access tokens and how to get them, see Context Token OAuth flow for SharePoint Add-ins and Authorization Code OAuth flow for SharePoint Add-ins.

Endpoint URIs in cross-domain requests use SP.AppContextSite to change the context

Requests are sent to the resource endpoint that's specified in the url property of the request. Endpoint URIs use the following format:

<site url>/_api/<context>/<resource> (example, https://contoso.com/_api/web/lists)

Cross-domain library requests use this format when they access data on the add-in web, which is the default context for cross-domain library requests. But to access data on the host web or on another site collection, the requests need to initialize the host web or other site collection as the context. To do this, they use the SP.AppContextSite endpoint in the URI, as shown in Table 1. The example URIs in Table 1 use the @target alias to send the target URL in the query string because the URL contains a special character (':').

Table 1. Using the SP.AppContextSite endpoint to change the context of the request

SharePoint Add-ins can get the add-in web URL and host web URL from the query string of the add-in page, as shown in the following code example. The example also shows how to reference the cross-domain library, which is defined in the SP.RequestExecutor.js file on the host web. The example assumes that your add-in launches from SharePoint. For guidance about setting your SharePoint context correctly when your add-in does not launch from SharePoint, see Authorization Code OAuth flow for SharePoint Add-ins.

var hostweburl;
var appweburl;

// Get the URLs for the add-in web the host web URL from the query string.
$(document).ready(function () {
  //Get the URI decoded URLs.
  hostweburl = decodeURIComponent(getQueryStringParameter("SPHostUrl"));
  appweburl = decodeURIComponent(getQueryStringParameter("SPAppWebUrl"));

  // Load the SP.RequestExecutor.js file.
  $.getScript(hostweburl + "/_layouts/15/SP.RequestExecutor.js", runCrossDomainRequest);
});

// Build and send the HTTP request.
function runCrossDomainRequest() {
  var executor = new SP.RequestExecutor(appweburl);
  executor.executeAsync({
      url: appweburl + "/_api/SP.AppContextSite(@target)/web/lists?@target='" + hostweburl + "'",
      method: "GET",
      headers: { "Accept": "application/json; odata=verbose" },
      success: successHandler,
      error: errorHandler
  });
}

// Get a query string value.
// For production add-ins, you may want to use a library to handle the query string.
function getQueryStringParameter(paramToRetrieve) {
  var params = document.URL.split("?")[1].split("&");
  var strParams = "";
  for (var i = 0; i < params.length; i = i + 1) {
    var singleParam = params[i].split("=");
    if (singleParam[0] == paramToRetrieve) return singleParam[1];
  }
}
??? // success and error callback functions

Properties used in REST requests

Table 2 shows properties that are commonly used in HTTP requests for the SharePoint REST service.

Table 2. When to use REST request properties in HTTP requests

Batch job support

The SharePoint Online (and on-premises SharePoint 2016 and later) REST service supports combining multiple requests into a single call to the service by using the OData $batch query option. For details and links to code samples, see Make batch requests with the REST APIs.

See also

• Get to know the SharePoint REST service
• Secure data access and client object models for SharePoint Add-ins
• Work with external data in SharePoint
• OData resources
• Set custom permissions on a list by using the REST interface
• Develop SharePoint Add-ins