How to: Use time zones in date and time arithmetic
Ordinarily, when you perform date and time arithmetic using DateTime or DateTimeOffset values, the result does not reflect any time zone adjustment rules. This is true even when the time zone of the date and time value is clearly identifiable (for example, when the Kind property is set to Local). This topic shows how to perform arithmetic operations on date and time values that belong to a particular time zone. The results of the arithmetic operations will reflect the time zone's adjustment rules.
To apply adjustment rules to date and time arithmetic
Implement some method of closely coupling a date and time value with the time zone to which it belongs. For example, declare a structure that includes both the date and time value and its time zone. The following example uses this approach to link a DateTime value with its time zone.
// Define a structure for DateTime values for internal use only internal struct TimeWithTimeZone { TimeZoneInfo TimeZone; DateTime Time; }' Define a structure for DateTime values for internal use only Friend Structure TimeWithTimeZone Dim TimeZone As TimeZoneInfo Dim Time As Date End StructureConvert a time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by calling either the ConvertTimeToUtc method or the ConvertTime method.
Perform the arithmetic operation on the UTC time.
Convert the time from UTC to the original time's associated time zone by calling the TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(DateTime, TimeZoneInfo) method.
Example
The following example adds two hours and thirty minutes to March 9, 2008, at 1:30 A.M. Central Standard Time. The time zone's transition to daylight saving time occurs thirty minutes later, at 2:00 A.M. on March 9, 2008. Because the example follows the four steps listed in the previous section, it correctly reports the resulting time as 5:00 A.M. on March 9, 2008.
using System;
public struct TimeZoneTime
{
public TimeZoneInfo TimeZone;
public DateTime Time;
public TimeZoneTime(TimeZoneInfo tz, DateTime time)
{
if (tz == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("The time zone cannot be a null reference.");
this.TimeZone = tz;
this.Time = time;
}
public TimeZoneTime AddTime(TimeSpan interval)
{
// Convert time to UTC
DateTime utcTime = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeToUtc(this.Time, this.TimeZone);
// Add time interval to time
utcTime = utcTime.Add(interval);
// Convert time back to time in time zone
return new TimeZoneTime(this.TimeZone, TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(utcTime,
TimeZoneInfo.Utc, this.TimeZone));
}
}
public class TimeArithmetic
{
public const string tzName = "Central Standard Time";
public static void Main()
{
try
{
TimeZoneTime cstTime1, cstTime2;
TimeZoneInfo cst = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById(tzName);
DateTime time1 = new DateTime(2008, 3, 9, 1, 30, 0);
TimeSpan twoAndAHalfHours = new TimeSpan(2, 30, 0);
cstTime1 = new TimeZoneTime(cst, time1);
cstTime2 = cstTime1.AddTime(twoAndAHalfHours);
Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} hours = {2}", cstTime1.Time,
twoAndAHalfHours.ToString(),
cstTime2.Time);
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("Unable to find {0}.", tzName);
}
}
}
Public Structure TimeZoneTime
Public TimeZone As TimeZoneInfo
Public Time As Date
Public Sub New(tz As TimeZoneInfo, time As Date)
If tz Is Nothing Then _
Throw New ArgumentNullException("The time zone cannot be a null reference.")
Me.TimeZone = tz
Me.Time = time
End Sub
Public Function AddTime(interval As TimeSpan) As TimeZoneTime
' Convert time to UTC
Dim utcTime As DateTime = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTimeToUtc(Me.Time, _
Me.TimeZone)
' Add time interval to time
utcTime = utcTime.Add(interval)
' Convert time back to time in time zone
Return New TimeZoneTime(Me.TimeZone, TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(utcTime, _
TimeZoneInfo.Utc, Me.TimeZone))
End Function
End Structure
Module TimeArithmetic
Public Const tzName As String = "Central Standard Time"
Public Sub Main()
Try
Dim cstTime1, cstTime2 As TimeZoneTime
Dim cst As TimeZoneInfo = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById(tzName)
Dim time1 As Date = #03/09/2008 1:30AM#
Dim twoAndAHalfHours As New TimeSpan(2, 30, 0)
cstTime1 = New TimeZoneTime(cst, time1)
cstTime2 = cstTime1.AddTime(twoAndAHalfHours)
Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} hours = {2}", cstTime1.Time, _
twoAndAHalfHours.ToString(), _
cstTime2.Time)
Catch
Console.WriteLine("Unable to find {0}.", tzName)
End Try
End Sub
End Module
Both DateTime and DateTimeOffset values are disassociated from any time zone to which they might belong. To perform date and time arithmetic in a way that automatically applies a time zone's adjustment rules, the time zone to which any date and time value belongs must be immediately identifiable. This means that a date and time and its associated time zone must be tightly coupled. There are several ways to do this, which include the following:
Assume that all times used in an application belong to a particular time zone. Although appropriate in some cases, this approach offers limited flexibility and possibly limited portability.
Define a type that tightly couples a date and time with its associated time zone by including both as fields of the type. This approach is used in the code example, which defines a structure to store the date and time and the time zone in two member fields.
The example illustrates how to perform arithmetic operations on DateTime values so that time zone adjustment rules are applied to the result. However, DateTimeOffset values can be used just as easily. The following example illustrates how the code in the original example might be adapted to use DateTimeOffset instead of DateTime values.
using System;
public struct TimeZoneTime
{
public TimeZoneInfo TimeZone;
public DateTimeOffset Time;
public TimeZoneTime(TimeZoneInfo tz, DateTimeOffset time)
{
if (tz == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("The time zone cannot be a null reference.");
this.TimeZone = tz;
this.Time = time;
}
public TimeZoneTime AddTime(TimeSpan interval)
{
// Convert time to UTC
DateTimeOffset utcTime = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(this.Time, TimeZoneInfo.Utc);
// Add time interval to time
utcTime = utcTime.Add(interval);
// Convert time back to time in time zone
return new TimeZoneTime(this.TimeZone, TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(utcTime, this.TimeZone));
}
}
public class TimeArithmetic
{
public const string tzName = "Central Standard Time";
public static void Main()
{
try
{
TimeZoneTime cstTime1, cstTime2;
TimeZoneInfo cst = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById(tzName);
DateTime time1 = new DateTime(2008, 3, 9, 1, 30, 0);
TimeSpan twoAndAHalfHours = new TimeSpan(2, 30, 0);
cstTime1 = new TimeZoneTime(cst,
new DateTimeOffset(time1, cst.GetUtcOffset(time1)));
cstTime2 = cstTime1.AddTime(twoAndAHalfHours);
Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} hours = {2}", cstTime1.Time,
twoAndAHalfHours.ToString(),
cstTime2.Time);
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("Unable to find {0}.", tzName);
}
}
}
Public Structure TimeZoneTime
Public TimeZone As TimeZoneInfo
Public Time As DateTimeOffset
Public Sub New(tz As TimeZoneInfo, time As DateTimeOffset)
If tz Is Nothing Then _
Throw New ArgumentNullException("The time zone cannot be a null reference.")
Me.TimeZone = tz
Me.Time = time
End Sub
Public Function AddTime(interval As TimeSpan) As TimeZoneTime
' Convert time to UTC
Dim utcTime As DateTimeOffset = TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(Me.Time, TimeZoneInfo.Utc)
' Add time interval to time
utcTime = utcTime.Add(interval)
' Convert time back to time in time zone
Return New TimeZoneTime(Me.TimeZone, TimeZoneInfo.ConvertTime(utcTime, Me.TimeZone))
End Function
End Structure
Module TimeArithmetic
Public Const tzName As String = "Central Standard Time"
Public Sub Main()
Try
Dim cstTime1, cstTime2 As TimeZoneTime
Dim cst As TimeZoneInfo = TimeZoneInfo.FindSystemTimeZoneById(tzName)
Dim time1 As Date = #03/09/2008 1:30AM#
Dim twoAndAHalfHours As New TimeSpan(2, 30, 0)
cstTime1 = New TimeZoneTime(cst, _
New DateTimeOffset(time1, cst.GetUtcOffset(time1)))
cstTime2 = cstTime1.AddTime(twoAndAHalfHours)
Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} hours = {2}", cstTime1.Time, _
twoAndAHalfHours.ToString(), _
cstTime2.Time)
Catch
Console.WriteLine("Unable to find {0}.", tzName)
End Try
End Sub
End Module
Note that if this addition is simply performed on the DateTimeOffset value without first converting it to UTC, the result reflects the correct point in time but its offset does not reflect that of the designated time zone for that time.
Compiling the code
This example requires:
- That the System namespace be imported with the
usingstatement (required in C# code).
See also
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