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Random 類別

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本頁僅適用於
Microsoft Visual Studio 2005/.NET Framework 2.0

其他版本也適用於下列軟體：
.NET Framework 類別庫
Random 類別

表示虛擬亂數產生器，為產生數字序列 (Sequence) 的裝置，符合隨機方式的特定統計需求。

命名空間： System
組件： mscorlib (在 mscorlib.dll 中)

Visual Basic (宣告)
<SerializableAttribute> _
<ComVisibleAttribute(True)> _
Public Class Random
Visual Basic (使用方式)
Dim instance As Random
C#
[SerializableAttribute] 
[ComVisibleAttribute(true)] 
public class Random
C++
[SerializableAttribute] 
[ComVisibleAttribute(true)] 
public ref class Random
J#
/** @attribute SerializableAttribute() */ 
/** @attribute ComVisibleAttribute(true) */ 
public class Random
JScript
SerializableAttribute 
ComVisibleAttribute(true) 
public class Random

虛擬亂數是以相等的機率從有限的數字集中選取。選取的數字並非是完全隨機，因為是使用有限性數學演算法來選取它們，但是用於實際用途已足夠。目前 Random 類別的實作是以 Donald E. Knuth 的減法亂數產生器演算法為基準。如需詳細資訊，請參閱 D. E. Knuth. "The Art of Computer Programming, volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms". Addision-Wesley, Reading, MA, second edition, 1981。

亂數的產生始於種子值。如果重複使用相同的種子會產生相同的連續數字。其中一個產生不同序列的方法是讓種子值時間相依，由此以每個 Random 的新執行個體 (Instance) 產生不同的系列。

若要改善效能，則要建立一個 Random 以在一段時間內產生許多亂數，而不要重複地建立新的 Random 以產生一個亂數。

例如，若要產生密碼學上適用於建立隨機密碼的安全亂數，則使用從 System.Security.Cryptography.RandomNumberGenerator 衍生的類別，例如 System.Security.Cryptography.RNGCryptoServiceProvider。

下列程式碼範例會使用類別建構函式的不同多載來建立 Random 物件，並從這些物件中產生一系列的隨機整數和雙精度浮點數 (Double)。

Visual Basic
' Example of the Random class constructors and Random.NextDouble( ) 
' method.
Imports System
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic

Module RandomObjectDemo

    ' Generate random numbers from the specified Random object.
    Sub RunIntNDoubleRandoms( randObj As Random )

        ' Generate the first six random integers.
        Dim j As Integer
        For j = 0 To 5
            Console.Write( " {0,10} ", randObj.Next( ) )
        Next j
        Console.WriteLine( )
            
        ' Generate the first six random doubles.
        For j = 0 To 5
            Console.Write( " {0:F8} ", randObj.NextDouble( ) )
        Next j
        Console.WriteLine( )
    End Sub 
        
    ' Create a Random object with the specified seed.
    Sub FixedSeedRandoms( seed As Integer )

        Console.WriteLine( vbCrLf & _
            "Random numbers from a Random object with " & _
            "seed = {0}:", seed )
        Dim fixRand As New Random( seed )
            
        RunIntNDoubleRandoms( fixRand )
    End Sub 
        
    ' Create a random object with a timer-generated seed.
    Sub AutoSeedRandoms( )

        ' Wait to allow the timer to advance.
        Thread.Sleep( 1 )
            
        Console.WriteLine( vbCrLf & _
            "Random numbers from a Random object " & _ 
            "with an auto-generated seed:" )
        Dim autoRand As New Random( )
            
        RunIntNDoubleRandoms( autoRand )
    End Sub 
        
    Sub Main( )
        Console.WriteLine( _
            "This example of the Random class constructors " & _
            "and Random.NextDouble( ) " & vbCrLf & _
            "generates the following output." & vbCrLf )
        Console.WriteLine( "Create Random " & _
            "objects, and then generate and display six " & _
            "integers and " & vbCrLf & "six doubles from each." )
            
        FixedSeedRandoms( 123 )
        FixedSeedRandoms( 123 )
            
        FixedSeedRandoms( 456 )
        FixedSeedRandoms( 456 )
            
        AutoSeedRandoms( )
        AutoSeedRandoms( )
        AutoSeedRandoms( )
    End Sub
End Module 

' This example of the Random class constructors and Random.NextDouble( )
' generates the following output.
' 
' Create Random objects, and then generate and display six integers and
' six doubles from each.
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
'  2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
'  0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
'  2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
'  0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
'  2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
'  0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
'  2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
'  0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
'  1920831619  1346865774  2006582766  1968819760   332463652   110770792
'  0.71326689  0.50383335  0.50446082  0.66312569  0.94517193  0.58059287
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
'   254927927  1205531663  1984850027   110020849  1438111494  1697714106
'  0.19383387  0.52067738  0.74162783  0.35063667  0.31247720  0.38773733
' 
' Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
'   736507882  1064197552  1963117288   398705585   396275689  1137173773
'  0.67440084  0.53752140  0.97879483  0.03814764  0.67978248  0.19488178
C#
// Example of the Random class constructors and Random.NextDouble( ) 
// method.
using System;
using System.Threading;

public class RandomObjectDemo  
{
    // Generate random numbers from the specified Random object.
    static void RunIntNDoubleRandoms( Random randObj )
    {
        // Generate the first six random integers.
        for( int j = 0; j < 6; j++ )
            Console.Write( " {0,10} ", randObj.Next( ) );
        Console.WriteLine( );

        // Generate the first six random doubles.
        for( int j = 0; j < 6; j++ )
            Console.Write( " {0:F8} ", randObj.NextDouble( ) );
        Console.WriteLine( );
    }

    // Create a Random object with the specified seed.
    static void FixedSeedRandoms( int seed )
    {
        Console.WriteLine( 
            "\nRandom numbers from a Random object with " +
            "seed = {0}:", seed );
        Random fixRand = new Random( seed );

        RunIntNDoubleRandoms( fixRand );
    }

    // Create a random object with a timer-generated seed.
    static void AutoSeedRandoms( )
    {
        // Wait to allow the timer to advance.
        Thread.Sleep( 1 );

        Console.WriteLine( 
            "\nRandom numbers from a Random object " +
            "with an auto-generated seed:" );
        Random autoRand = new Random( );

        RunIntNDoubleRandoms( autoRand );
    }

    static void Main( )
    {    
        Console.WriteLine(
            "This example of the Random class constructors and " +
            "Random.NextDouble( ) \n" +
            "generates the following output.\n" );
        Console.WriteLine(
            "Create Random objects, and then generate and " +
            "display six integers and \nsix doubles from each.");

        FixedSeedRandoms( 123 );
        FixedSeedRandoms( 123 );

        FixedSeedRandoms( 456 );
        FixedSeedRandoms( 456 );

        AutoSeedRandoms( );
        AutoSeedRandoms( );
        AutoSeedRandoms( );
    }
}

/*
This example of the Random class constructors and Random.NextDouble( )
generates the following output.

Create Random objects, and then generate and display six integers and
six doubles from each.

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
 2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
 0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
 2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
 0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
 2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
 0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
 2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
 0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
  380213349   127379247  1969091178  1983029819  1963098450  1648433124
 0.08824121  0.41249688  0.36445811  0.05637512  0.62702451  0.49595560

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
  861793304  2133528783  1947358439   124230908   921262645  1087892791
 0.56880819  0.42934091  0.60162512  0.74388610  0.99432979  0.30310005

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
 1343373259  1992194672  1925625700   412915644  2026910487   527352458
 0.04937517  0.44618494  0.83879212  0.43139707  0.36163507  0.11024451
*/
C++
// Example of the Random class constructors and Random::NextDouble( ) 
// method.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;

// Generate random numbers from the specified Random object.
void RunIntNDoubleRandoms( Random^ randObj )
{
   
   // Generate the first six random integers.
   for ( int j = 0; j < 6; j++ )
      Console::Write( " {0,10} ", randObj->Next() );
   Console::WriteLine();
   
   // Generate the first six random doubles.
   for ( int j = 0; j < 6; j++ )
      Console::Write( " {0:F8} ", randObj->NextDouble() );
   Console::WriteLine();
}


// Create a Random object with the specified seed.
void FixedSeedRandoms( int seed )
{
   Console::WriteLine( "\nRandom numbers from a Random object with seed = {0}:", seed );
   Random^ fixRand = gcnew Random( seed );
   RunIntNDoubleRandoms( fixRand );
}


// Create a random object with a timer-generated seed.
void AutoSeedRandoms()
{
   
   // Wait to allow the timer to advance.
   Thread::Sleep( 1 );
   Console::WriteLine( "\nRandom numbers from a Random object "
   "with an auto-generated seed:" );
   Random^ autoRand = gcnew Random;
   RunIntNDoubleRandoms( autoRand );
}

int main()
{
   Console::WriteLine( "This example of the Random class constructors and Random"
   "::NextDouble( ) \ngenerates the following output.\n" );
   Console::WriteLine( "Create Random objects, and then generate and "
   "display six integers and \nsix doubles from each." );
   FixedSeedRandoms( 123 );
   FixedSeedRandoms( 123 );
   FixedSeedRandoms( 456 );
   FixedSeedRandoms( 456 );
   AutoSeedRandoms();
   AutoSeedRandoms();
   AutoSeedRandoms();
}

/*
This example of the Random class constructors and Random::NextDouble( )
generates the following output.

Create Random objects, and then generate and display six integers and
six doubles from each.

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
 2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
 0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 123:
 2114319875  1949518561  1596751841  1742987178  1586516133   103755708
 0.01700087  0.14935942  0.19470390  0.63008947  0.90976122  0.49519146

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
 2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
 0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170

Random numbers from a Random object with seed = 456:
 2044805024  1323311594  1087799997  1907260840   179380355   120870348
 0.21988117  0.21026556  0.39236514  0.42420498  0.24102703  0.47310170

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
 1624372556  1894939458   302472229   588108304    23919954  1085111949
 0.14595512  0.30162298  0.92267372  0.55707657  0.25430079  0.74143239

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
 2105952511  1753605347   280739490   876793040  1129567796   524571616
 0.62652210  0.31846701  0.15984073  0.24458755  0.62160607  0.54857684

Random numbers from a Random object with an auto-generated seed:
  440048819  1612271236   259006751  1165477776    87731991  2111514930
 0.10708907  0.33531104  0.39700773  0.93209853  0.98891135  0.35572129
*/
System.Object
  System.Random
這個型別的所有公用靜態成員 (即 Visual Basic 中的 Shared 成員) 都是安全執行緒。並非所有的執行個體成員均為安全執行緒。

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