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How to: Use Data Protection 

The .NET Framework provides access to the data protection API (DPAPI), which allows you to encrypt data using information from the current user account or computer. When you use the DPAPI, you alleviate the difficult problem of explicitly generating and storing a cryptographic key.

Use the ProtectedMemory class to encrypt an array of in-memory bytes. This functionality is available in Microsoft Windows XP and later operating systems. You can specify that memory encrypted by the current process can be decrypted by the current process only, by all processes, or from the same user context. See the MemoryProtectionScope enumeration for a detailed description of ProtectedMemory options.

Use the ProtectedData class to encrypt a copy of an array of bytes. This functionality is available in Microsoft Windows 2000 and later operating systems. You can specify that data encrypted by the current user account can be decrypted only by the same user account, or you can specify that data encrypted by the current user account can be decrypted by any account on the computer. See the DataProtectionScope enumeration for a detailed description of ProtectedData options.

To encrypt in-memory data using data protection

  • Call the static Protect method while passing an array of bytes to encrypt, the entropy, and the memory protection scope.

To decrypt in-memory data using data protection

  • Call the static Unprotect method while passing an array of bytes to decrypt and the memory protection scope.

To encrypt data to a file or stream using data protection

  1. Create random entropy.

  2. Call the static Protect method while passing an array of bytes to encrypt, the entropy, and the data protection scope.

  3. Write the encrypted data to a file or stream.

To decrypt data from a file or stream using data protection

  1. Read the encrypted data from a file or stream.

  2. Call the static Unprotect method while passing an array of bytes to decrypt and the data protection scope.

Example

The following code example demonstrates two forms of encryption and decryption. First, the code example encrypts and then decrypts an in-memory array of bytes. Next, the code example encrypts a copy of a byte array, saves it to a file, loads the data back from the file, and then decrypts the data. The example displays the original data, the encrypted data, and the decrypted data.

Imports System
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text
Imports System.Security.Cryptography



Public Module MemoryProtectionSample

    Sub Main()
        Run()

    End Sub 'Main


    Sub Run()
        Try

            ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
            '
            ' Memory Encryption - ProtectedMemory
            '
            ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
            ' Create the original data to be encrypted (The data length should be a multiple of 16).
            Dim toEncrypt As Byte() = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("ThisIsSomeData16")

            Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
            Console.WriteLine("Encrypting...")

            ' Encrypt the data in memory.
            EncryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon)

            Console.WriteLine("Encrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
            Console.WriteLine("Decrypting...")

            ' Decrypt the data in memory.
            DecryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon)

            Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))


            ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
            '
            ' Data Encryption - ProtectedData
            '
            ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
            ' Create the original data to be encrypted
            toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("This is some data of any length.")

            ' Create a file.
            Dim fStream As New FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)

            ' Create some random entropy.
            Dim entropy As Byte() = CreateRandomEntropy()

            Console.WriteLine()
            Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
            Console.WriteLine("Encrypting and writing to disk...")

            ' Encrypt a copy of the data to the stream.
            Dim bytesWritten As Integer = EncryptDataToStream(toEncrypt, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream)

            fStream.Close()

            Console.WriteLine("Reading data from disk and decrypting...")

            ' Open the file.
            fStream = New FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.Open)

            ' Read from the stream and decrypt the data.
            Dim decryptData As Byte() = DecryptDataFromStream(entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream, bytesWritten)

            fStream.Close()

            Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(decryptData))


        Catch e As Exception
            Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + e.Message)
        End Try

    End Sub 'Run



    Sub EncryptInMemoryData(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Scope As MemoryProtectionScope)
        If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
        End If
        If Buffer Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
        End If

        ' Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        ProtectedMemory.Protect(Buffer, Scope)

    End Sub 'EncryptInMemoryData


    Sub DecryptInMemoryData(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Scope As MemoryProtectionScope)
        If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
        End If
        If Buffer Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
        End If

        ' Decrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        ProtectedMemory.Unprotect(Buffer, Scope)

    End Sub 'DecryptInMemoryData


    Function CreateRandomEntropy() As Byte()
        ' Create a byte array to hold the random value.
        Dim entropy(15) As Byte

        ' Create a new instance of the RNGCryptoServiceProvider.
        ' Fill the array with a random value.
        Dim RNG As New RNGCryptoServiceProvider()

        RNG.GetBytes(entropy)

        ' Return the array.
        Return entropy

    End Function 'CreateRandomEntropy



    Function EncryptDataToStream(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Entropy() As Byte, ByVal Scope As DataProtectionScope, ByVal S As Stream) As Integer
        If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
        End If
        If Buffer Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
        End If
        If Entropy.Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Entropy")
        End If
        If Entropy Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Entropy")
        End If
        If S Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("S")
        End If
        Dim length As Integer = 0

        ' Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        Dim encrptedData As Byte() = ProtectedData.Protect(Buffer, Entropy, Scope)

        ' Write the encrypted data to a stream.
        If S.CanWrite AndAlso Not (encrptedData Is Nothing) Then
            S.Write(encrptedData, 0, encrptedData.Length)

            length = encrptedData.Length
        End If

        ' Return the length that was written to the stream. 
        Return length

    End Function 'EncryptDataToStream


    Function DecryptDataFromStream(ByVal Entropy() As Byte, ByVal Scope As DataProtectionScope, ByVal S As Stream, ByVal Length As Integer) As Byte()
        If S Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("S")
        End If
        If Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Length")
        End If
        If Entropy Is Nothing Then
            Throw New ArgumentNullException("Entropy")
        End If
        If Entropy.Length <= 0 Then
            Throw New ArgumentException("Entropy")
        End If


        Dim inBuffer(Length) As Byte
        Dim outBuffer() As Byte

        ' Read the encrypted data from a stream.
        If S.CanRead Then
            S.Read(inBuffer, 0, Length)

            outBuffer = ProtectedData.Unprotect(inBuffer, Entropy, Scope)
        Else
            Throw New IOException("Could not read the stream.")
        End If

        ' Return the length that was written to the stream. 
        Return outBuffer

    End Function 'DecryptDataFromStream 
End Module 'MemoryProtectionSample
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

public class MemoryProtectionSample
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Run();
    }

    public static void Run()
    {
        try
        {

            ///////////////////////////////
            //
            // Memory Encryption - ProtectedMemory
            //
            ///////////////////////////////

            // Create the original data to be encrypted (The data length should be a multiple of 16).
            byte[] toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("ThisIsSomeData16");

            Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt));
            Console.WriteLine("Encrypting...");

            // Encrypt the data in memory.
            EncryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon);

            Console.WriteLine("Encrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt));
            Console.WriteLine("Decrypting...");

            // Decrypt the data in memory.
            DecryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon);

            Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt));


            ///////////////////////////////
            //
            // Data Encryption - ProtectedData
            //
            ///////////////////////////////

            // Create the original data to be encrypted
            toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("This is some data of any length.");

            // Create a file.
            FileStream fStream = new FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.OpenOrCreate);

            // Create some random entropy.
            byte[] entropy = CreateRandomEntropy();

            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt));
            Console.WriteLine("Encrypting and writing to disk...");

            // Encrypt a copy of the data to the stream.
            int bytesWritten = EncryptDataToStream(toEncrypt, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream);

            fStream.Close();

            Console.WriteLine("Reading data from disk and decrypting...");

            // Open the file.
            fStream = new FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.Open);

            // Read from the stream and decrypt the data.
            byte[] decryptData = DecryptDataFromStream(entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream, bytesWritten);

            fStream.Close();

            Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(decryptData));


        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + e.Message);
        }

    }


    public static void EncryptInMemoryData(byte[] Buffer, MemoryProtectionScope Scope )
    {
        if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("Buffer");
        if (Buffer == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Buffer");
        

        // Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        ProtectedMemory.Protect(Buffer, Scope);

    }

    public static void DecryptInMemoryData(byte[] Buffer, MemoryProtectionScope Scope)
    {
        if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("Buffer");
        if (Buffer == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Buffer");
        

        // Decrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        ProtectedMemory.Unprotect(Buffer, Scope);

    }

    public static byte[] CreateRandomEntropy()
    {
        // Create a byte array to hold the random value.
        byte[] entropy = new byte[16];

        // Create a new instance of the RNGCryptoServiceProvider.
        // Fill the array with a random value.
        new RNGCryptoServiceProvider().GetBytes(entropy);

        // Return the array.
        return entropy;


    }

    public static int EncryptDataToStream(byte[] Buffer, byte[] Entropy, DataProtectionScope Scope, Stream S)
    {
        if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("Buffer");
        if (Buffer == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Buffer");
        if (Entropy.Length <= 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("Entropy");
        if (Entropy == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Entropy");
        if (S == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("S");
       
        int length = 0;

        // Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same same array as the original data.
        byte[] encrptedData = ProtectedData.Protect(Buffer, Entropy, Scope);

        // Write the encrypted data to a stream.
        if (S.CanWrite && encrptedData != null)
        {
            S.Write(encrptedData, 0, encrptedData.Length);

            length = encrptedData.Length;
        }

        // Return the length that was written to the stream. 
        return length;
        
    }

    public static byte[] DecryptDataFromStream(byte[] Entropy, DataProtectionScope Scope, Stream S, int Length)
    {
        if (S == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("S");
        if (Length <= 0 )
            throw new ArgumentException("Length");
        if (Entropy == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("Entropy");
        if (Entropy.Length <= 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("Entropy");
        

        
        byte[] inBuffer = new byte[Length];
        byte[] outBuffer;

        // Read the encrypted data from a stream.
        if (S.CanRead)
        {
            S.Read(inBuffer, 0, Length);

            outBuffer = ProtectedData.Unprotect(inBuffer, Entropy, Scope);
        }
        else
        {
            throw new IOException("Could not read the stream.");
        }

        // Return the length that was written to the stream. 
        return outBuffer;

    }


}

Compiling the Code

See Also

Reference

ProtectedMemory
ProtectedData

Other Resources

Cryptographic Tasks