Object.GetHashCode Method

A hash code is a numeric value that is used to identify an object during equality testing. It can also serve as an index for an object in a collection.

The GetHashCode method is suitable for use in hashing algorithms and data structures such as a hash table.

The default implementation of the GetHashCode method does not guarantee unique return values for different objects. Furthermore, the .NET Framework does not guarantee the default implementation of the GetHashCode method, and the value it returns will be the same between different versions of the .NET Framework. Consequently, the default implementation of this method must not be used as a unique object identifier for hashing purposes.

The GetHashCode method can be overridden by a derived type. Value types must override this method to provide a hash function that is appropriate for that type and to provide a useful distribution in a hash table. For uniqueness, the hash code must be based on the value of an instance field or property instead of a static field or property.

Objects used as a key in a Hashtable object must also override the GetHashCode method because those objects must generate their own hash code. If an object used as a key does not provide a useful implementation of GetHashCode, you can specify a hash code provider when the Hashtable object is constructed. Prior to the .NET Framework version 2.0, the hash code provider was based on the System.Collections.IHashCodeProvider interface. Starting with version 2.0, the hash code provider is based on the System.Collections.IEqualityComparer interface.

A hash function is used to quickly generate a number (hash code) that corresponds to the value of an object. Hash functions are usually specific to each Type and, for uniqueness, must use at least one of the instance fields as input.

A hash function must have the following properties:

• If two objects compare as equal, the GetHashCode method for each object must return the same value. However, if two objects do not compare as equal, the GetHashCode methods for the two object do not have to return different values.

• The GetHashCode method for an object must consistently return the same hash code as long as there is no modification to the object state that determines the return value of the object's Equals method. Note that this is true only for the current execution of an application, and that a different hash code can be returned if the application is run again.

• For the best performance, a hash function must generate a random distribution for all input.

For example, the implementation of the GetHashCode method provided by the String class returns identical hash codes for identical string values. Therefore, two String objects return the same hash code if they represent the same string value. Also, the method uses all the characters in the string to generate reasonably randomly distributed output, even when the input is clustered in certain ranges (for example, many users might have strings that contain only the lower 128 ASCII characters, even though a string can contain any of the 65,535 Unicode characters).

For derived classes of Object, the GetHashCode method can delegate to the Object.GetHashCode implementation, if and only if that derived class defines value equality to be reference equality and the type is not a value type.

Providing a good hash function on a class can significantly affect the performance of adding those objects to a hash table. In a hash table with a good implementation of a hash function, searching for an element takes constant time (for example, an O(1) operation). In a hash table with a poor implementation of a hash function, the performance of a search depends on the number of items in the hash table (for example, an O(n) operation, where n is the number of items in the hash table). Hash functions must also be inexpensive to compute.

Implementations of the GetHashCode method must not result in circular references. For example, if ClassA.GetHashCode calls ClassB.GetHashCode, ClassB.GetHashCode must not call ClassA.GetHashCode either directly or indirectly.

Implementations of the GetHashCode method must not throw exceptions.

Derived classes that override GetHashCode must also override Equals to guarantee that two objects considered equal have the same hash code; otherwise, the Hashtable type might not work correctly.

In some cases, the GetHashCode method is implemented to simply return an integer value. The following code example illustrates an implementation of GetHashCode that returns an integer value.

There are other more complicated ways to combine hash codes that may give better performance for hash tables.

using System;

public struct Int32 {
   public int value;

   //other methods...

   public override int GetHashCode() {
      return value;
   }
}

Frequently, a type has multiple data fields that can participate in generating the hash code. One way to generate a hash code is to combine these fields using an XOR (eXclusive OR) operation, as shown in the following code example.

using System;

public struct Point {
   public int x;
   public int y; 

   //other methods

   public override int GetHashCode() {
      return x ^ y;
   }
}

The following code example illustrates another case where the type's fields are combined using XOR (eXclusive OR) to generate the hash code. Notice that in this code example, the fields represent user-defined types, each of which implements GetHashCode and Equals.

using System;

public class SomeType {
   public override int GetHashCode() {
     return 0;
   }
}

public class AnotherType {
   public override int GetHashCode() {
     return 1;
   }
}

public class LastType {
   public override int GetHashCode() {
     return 2;
   }
}

public class MyClass {
   SomeType a = new SomeType();
   AnotherType b = new AnotherType();
   LastType c = new LastType();

   public override int GetHashCode () {
     return a.GetHashCode() ^ b.GetHashCode() ^ c.GetHashCode();
   }
}

If the data member of the derived class is bigger than an Int32, you can combine the high order bits of the value with the low order bits using an XOR (eXclusive OR) operation, as shown in the following code example.

using System;

public struct Int64 {
   public long value;

   //other methods...

   public override int GetHashCode() {
      return ((int)value ^ (int)(value >> 32));
   }
}

.NET Framework

.NET Framework Client Profile

Portable Class Library

Windows 7, Windows Vista SP1 or later, Windows XP SP3, Windows XP SP2 x64 Edition, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core supported with SP1 or later), Windows Server 2003 SP2

Reference