Imports System
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Security.Permissions

' Declare three delegate types for demonstrating the combinations
' of Shared versus instance methods and open versus closed
' delegates.
'
Public Delegate Sub D1(ByVal c As C, ByVal s As String) 
Public Delegate Sub D2(ByVal s As String) 
Public Delegate Sub D3() 

' A sample class with an instance method and a Shared method.
'
Public Class C
    Private id As Integer
    Public Sub New(ByVal id As Integer) 
        Me.id = id
    End Sub 'New

    Public Sub M1(ByVal s As String) 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1 on C:  id = {0}, s = {1}", _
            Me.id, s)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M2(ByVal s As String) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M2 on C:  s = {0}", s)
    End Sub
End Class

Public Class Example

    Public Shared Sub Main() 

        Dim c1 As New C(42)

        ' Get a MethodInfo for each method.
        '
        Dim mi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M1", _
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Instance)
        Dim mi2 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M2", _
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Static)

        Dim d1 As D1
        Dim d2 As D2
        Dim d3 As D3


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method closed over C.")
        ' In this case, the delegate and the
        ' method must have the same list of argument types; use
        ' delegate type D2 with instance method M1.
        '
        Dim test As [Delegate] = _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D2), c1, mi1, False)

        ' Because False was specified for throwOnBindFailure 
        ' in the call to CreateDelegate, the variable 'test'
        ' contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for 
        ' example, if mi1 happened to represent a method of 
        ' some class other than C).
        '
        If test IsNot Nothing Then
            d2 = CType(test, D2)

            ' The same instance of C is used every time the
            ' delegate is invoked.
            d2("Hello, World!")
            d2("Hi, Mom!")
        End If


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An open instance method.")
        ' In this case, the delegate has one more 
        ' argument than the instance method; this argument comes
        ' at the beginning, and represents the hidden instance
        ' argument of the instance method. Use delegate type D1
        ' with instance method M1.
        '
        d1 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D1), Nothing, mi1), D1)

        ' An instance of C must be passed in each time the 
        ' delegate is invoked.
        '
        d1(c1, "Hello, World!")
        d1(New C(5280), "Hi, Mom!")


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An open Shared method.")
        ' In this case, the delegate and the method must 
        ' have the same list of argument types; use delegate type
        ' D2 with Shared method M2.
        '
        d2 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D2), Nothing, mi2), D2)

        ' No instances of C are involved, because this is a Shared
        ' method. 
        '
        d2("Hello, World!")
        d2("Hi, Mom!")


        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method closed over the first argument (String).")
        ' The delegate must omit the first argument of the method.
        ' A string is passed as the firstArgument parameter, and 
        ' the delegate is bound to this string. Use delegate type 
        ' D3 with Shared method M2. 
        '
        d3 = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D3), "Hello, World!", mi2), D3)

        ' Each time the delegate is invoked, the same string is
        ' used.
        d3()

    End Sub
End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'An instance method closed over C.
'Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
'Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hi, Mom!
'
'An open instance method.
'Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
'Instance method M1 on C:  id = 5280, s = Hi, Mom!
'
'An open Shared method.
'Shared method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
'Shared method M2 on C:  s = Hi, Mom!
'
'A Shared method closed over the first argument (String).
'Shared method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
' 

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Permissions;

// Declare three delegate types for demonstrating the combinations
// of static versus instance methods and open versus closed
// delegates.
//
public delegate void D1(C c, string s);
public delegate void D2(string s);
public delegate void D3();

// A sample class with an instance method and a static method.
//
public class C
{
    private int id;
    public C(int id) { this.id = id; }

    public void M1(string s) 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1 on C:  id = {0}, s = {1}",
            this.id, s);
    }

    public static void M2(string s)
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M2 on C:  s = {0}", s); 
    }
}

public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        C c1 = new C(42);

        // Get a MethodInfo for each method.
        //
        MethodInfo mi1 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M1", 
            BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
        MethodInfo mi2 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M2",
            BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static);

        D1 d1;
        D2 d2;
        D3 d3;


        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method closed over C.");
        // In this case, the delegate and the
        // method must have the same list of argument types; use
        // delegate type D2 with instance method M1.
        //
        Delegate test = 
            Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D2), c1, mi1, false);

        // Because false was specified for throwOnBindFailure 
        // in the call to CreateDelegate, the variable 'test'
        // contains null if the method fails to bind (for 
        // example, if mi1 happened to represent a method of  
        // some class other than C).
        //
        if (test != null)
        {
            d2 = (D2) test;

            // The same instance of C is used every time the 
            // delegate is invoked.
            d2("Hello, World!");
            d2("Hi, Mom!");
        }


        Console.WriteLine("\nAn open instance method.");
        // In this case, the delegate has one more 
        // argument than the instance method; this argument comes
        // at the beginning, and represents the hidden instance
        // argument of the instance method. Use delegate type D1
        // with instance method M1.
        //
        d1 = (D1) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D1), null, mi1);

        // An instance of C must be passed in each time the 
        // delegate is invoked.
        //
        d1(c1, "Hello, World!");
        d1(new C(5280), "Hi, Mom!");


        Console.WriteLine("\nAn open static method.");
        // In this case, the delegate and the method must 
        // have the same list of argument types; use delegate type
        // D2 with static method M2.
        //
        d2 = (D2) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D2), null, mi2);

        // No instances of C are involved, because this is a static
        // method. 
        //
        d2("Hello, World!");
        d2("Hi, Mom!");


        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method closed over the first argument (String).");
        // The delegate must omit the first argument of the method.
        // A string is passed as the firstArgument parameter, and 
        // the delegate is bound to this string. Use delegate type 
        // D3 with static method M2. 
        //
        d3 = (D3) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D3), 
            "Hello, World!", mi2);

        // Each time the delegate is invoked, the same string is
        // used.
        d3();
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

An instance method closed over C.
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hi, Mom!

An open instance method.
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 42, s = Hello, World!
Instance method M1 on C:  id = 5280, s = Hi, Mom!

An open static method.
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hi, Mom!

A static method closed over the first argument (String).
Static method M2 on C:  s = Hello, World!
 */

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection

' Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and 
' a class that derives from it.
'
Public Class Base
End Class

Public Class Derived
    Inherits Base

    ' Define a Shared method to use in the demonstration. The method 
    ' takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.  
    ' For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for 
    ' the method to do anything useful. 
    '
    Public Shared Function MyMethod(ByVal arg As Base) As Derived
        Dim dummy As Base = arg
        Return New Derived()
    End Function

End Class

' Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
' instance of Base.
'
Public Delegate Function Example(ByVal arg As Derived) As Base

Module Test

    Sub Main()

        ' The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
        Dim flags As BindingFlags = _
            BindingFlags.Public Or BindingFlags.Static

        ' Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
        Dim minfo As MethodInfo = _
            GetType(Derived).GetMethod("MyMethod", flags)

        ' Demonstrate covariance of parameter types and contravariance
        ' of return types by using the delegate Example to represent
        ' MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
        ' parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the 
        ' parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
        ' instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
        ' a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
        ' is more restrictive than the return type of Example (that
        ' is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
        ' always be safely cast to type Base). 
        '
        Dim ex As Example = CType( _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(Example), minfo), _
            Example _
        )

        ' Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example.
        '        
        Dim b As Base = ex(New Derived())
    End Sub
End Module

using System;
using System.Reflection;

// Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and 
// a class that derives from it.
//
public class Base {}

public class Derived : Base
{
    // Define a static method to use in the demonstration. The method 
    // takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.  
    // For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for 
    // the method to do anything useful. 
    //
    public static Derived MyMethod(Base arg)
    {
        Base dummy = arg;
        return new Derived();
    }
}

// Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
// instance of Base.
//
public delegate Base Example(Derived arg);

class Test
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
        BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static;

        // Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
        MethodInfo minfo = typeof(Derived).GetMethod("MyMethod", flags);

        // Demonstrate covariance of parameter types and contravariance
        // of return types by using the delegate Example to represent
        // MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
        // parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the 
        // parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
        // instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
        // a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
        // is more restrictive than the return type of Example (that
        // is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
        // always be safely cast to type Base). 
        //
        Example ex = 
            (Example) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(Example), minfo);

        // Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example.
        //        
        Base b = ex(new Derived());
    }
}

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Reflection;

// Define two classes to use in the demonstration, a base class and 
// a class that derives from it.
//
public ref class Base {};

public ref class Derived : Base
{
    // Define a static method to use in the demonstration. The method 
    // takes an instance of Base and returns an instance of Derived.  
    // For the purposes of the demonstration, it is not necessary for 
    // the method to do anything useful. 
    //
public:
    static Derived^ MyMethod(Base^ arg)
    {
        Base^ dummy = arg;
        return gcnew Derived();
    }
};

// Define a delegate that takes an instance of Derived and returns an
// instance of Base.
//
public delegate Base^ Example(Derived^ arg);

void main()
{
    // The binding flags needed to retrieve MyMethod.
    BindingFlags flags = BindingFlags::Public | BindingFlags::Static;

    // Get a MethodInfo that represents MyMethod.
    MethodInfo^ minfo = Derived::typeid->GetMethod("MyMethod", flags);

    // Demonstrate covariance of parameter types and contravariance
    // of return types by using the delegate Example to represent
    // MyMethod. The delegate binds to the method because the
    // parameter of the delegate is more restrictive than the 
    // parameter of the method (that is, the delegate accepts an
    // instance of Derived, which can always be safely passed to
    // a parameter of type Base), and the return type of MyMethod
    // is more restrictive than the return type of Example (that
    // is, the method returns an instance of Derived, which can
    // always be safely cast to type Base). 
    //
    Example^ ex = 
        (Example^) Delegate::CreateDelegate(Example::typeid, minfo);

    // Execute MyMethod using the delegate Example.
    //        
    Base^ b = ex(gcnew Derived());
}

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Security.Permissions

' Declare a delegate type. The object of this code example
' is to show all the methods this delegate can bind to.
'
Public Delegate Sub D(ByVal c As C) 

' Declare two sample classes, C and F. Class C has an ID
' property so instances can be identified.
'
Public Class C

    Private _id As Integer

    Public ReadOnly Property ID() As Integer 
        Get
            Return _id
        End Get
    End Property

    Public Sub New(ByVal newId As Integer) 
        Me._id = newId
    End Sub

    Public Sub M1(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(c As C) on C:  this.id = {0}, c.ID = {1}", _
            Me.id, c.ID)
    End Sub

    Public Sub M2() 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = {0}", Me.id)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M3(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M3(c As C) on C:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M4(ByVal c1 As C, ByVal c2 As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M4(c1 As C, c2 As C) on C:  c1.ID = {0}, c2.ID = {1}", _
            c1.ID, c2.ID)
    End Sub
End Class


Public Class F

    Public Sub M1(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M3(ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M3(c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub

    Public Shared Sub M4(ByVal f As F, ByVal c As C) 
        Console.WriteLine("Shared method M4(f As F, c As C) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID)
    End Sub
End Class

Public Class Example

    Public Shared Sub Main() 

        Dim c1 As New C(42)
        Dim c2 As New C(1491)
        Dim f1 As New F()

        Dim d As D

        ' Instance method with one argument of type C.
        Dim cmi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M1")
        ' Instance method with no arguments.
        Dim cmi2 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M2")
        ' Shared method with one argument of type C.
        Dim cmi3 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M3")
        ' Shared method with two arguments of type C.
        Dim cmi4 As MethodInfo = GetType(C).GetMethod("M4")

        ' Instance method with one argument of type C.
        Dim fmi1 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M1")
        ' Shared method with one argument of type C.
        Dim fmi3 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M3")
        ' Shared method with an argument of type F and an 
        ' argument of type C.
        Dim fmi4 As MethodInfo = GetType(F).GetMethod("M4")

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any instance method that exactly matches its
        ' signature. Methods on C and F are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), c1, cmi1), D)
        d(c2)
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), f1, fmi1), D)
        d(c2)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "An instance method on C with no arguments.")
        ' D can represent an instance method on C that has no arguments;
        ' in this case, the argument of D represents the hidden first
        ' argument of any instance method. The delegate acts like a 
        ' Shared method, and an instance of C must be passed each time
        ' it is invoked.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, cmi2), D)
        d(c1)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method on any type, with an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any Shared method with the same signature.
        ' Methods on F and C are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, cmi3), D)
        d(c1)
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), Nothing, fmi3), D)
        d(c1)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "A Shared method on any type, with an argument of")
        Console.WriteLine("    that type and an argument of type C.")
        ' D can represent any Shared method with one argument of the
        ' type the method belongs and a second argument of type C.
        ' In this case, the method is closed over the instance of
        ' supplied for the its first argument, and acts like an instance
        ' method. Methods on F and C are shown here.
        '
        d = CType([Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), c1, cmi4), D)
        d(c2)
        Dim test As [Delegate] = _
            [Delegate].CreateDelegate(GetType(D), f1, fmi4, false)

        ' This final example specifies False for throwOnBindFailure 
        ' in the call to CreateDelegate, so the variable 'test'
        ' contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for 
        ' example, if fmi4 happened to represent a method of  
        ' some class other than F).
        '
        If test IsNot Nothing Then
            d = CType(test, D)
            d(c2)
        End If

    End Sub
End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.
'Instance method M1(c As C) on C:  this.id = 42, c.ID = 1491
'Instance method M1(c As C) on F:  c.ID = 1491
'
'An instance method on C with no arguments.
'Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = 42
'
'A Shared method on any type, with an argument of type C.
'Shared method M3(c As C) on C:  c.ID = 42
'Shared method M3(c As C) on F:  c.ID = 42
'
'A Shared method on any type, with an argument of
'    that type and an argument of type C.
'Shared method M4(c1 As C, c2 As C) on C:  c1.ID = 42, c2.ID = 1491
'Shared method M4(f As F, c As C) on F:  c.ID = 1491
'

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Permissions;

// Declare a delegate type. The object of this code example
// is to show all the methods this delegate can bind to.
//
public delegate void D(C c);

// Declare two sample classes, C and F. Class C has an ID
// property so instances can be identified.
//
public class C
{
    private int id;
    public int ID { get { return id; }}
    public C(int id) { this.id = id; }

    public void M1(C c) 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(C c) on C:  this.id = {0}, c.ID = {1}",
            this.id, c.ID);
    }

    public void M2() 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = {0}",
            this.id);
    }

    public static void M3(C c)
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M3(C c) on C:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID); 
    }

    public static void M4(C c1, C c2) 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M4(C c1, C c2) on C:  c1.ID = {0}, c2.ID = {1}",
            c1.ID, c2.ID);
    }
}

public class F
{
    public void M1(C c) 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Instance method M1(C c) on F:  c.ID = {0}",
            c.ID);
    }

    public static void M3(C c)
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M3(C c) on F:  c.ID = {0}", c.ID); 
    }

    public static void M4(F f, C c) 
    { 
        Console.WriteLine("Static method M4(F f, C c) on F:  c.ID = {0}",
            c.ID);
    }
}


public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        C c1 = new C(42);
        C c2 = new C(1491);
        F f1 = new F();

        D d;

        // Instance method with one argument of type C.
        MethodInfo cmi1 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M1"); 
        // Instance method with no arguments.
        MethodInfo cmi2 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M2"); 
        // Static method with one argument of type C.
        MethodInfo cmi3 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M3"); 
        // Static method with two arguments of type C.
        MethodInfo cmi4 = typeof(C).GetMethod("M4"); 

        // Instance method with one argument of type C.
        MethodInfo fmi1 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M1");
        // Static method with one argument of type C.
        MethodInfo fmi3 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M3"); 
        // Static method with an argument of type F and an argument 
        // of type C.
        MethodInfo fmi4 = typeof(F).GetMethod("M4"); 

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.");
        // D can represent any instance method that exactly matches its
        // signature. Methods on C and F are shown here.
        //
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), c1, cmi1);
        d(c2);
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), f1, fmi1);
        d(c2);

        Console.WriteLine("\nAn instance method on C with no arguments.");
        // D can represent an instance method on C that has no arguments;
        // in this case, the argument of D represents the hidden first
        // argument of any instance method. The delegate acts like a 
        // static method, and an instance of C must be passed each time
        // it is invoked.
        //
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, cmi2);
        d(c1);

        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method on any type, with an argument of type C.");
        // D can represent any static method with the same signature.
        // Methods on F and C are shown here.
        //
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, cmi3);
        d(c1);
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), null, fmi3);
        d(c1);

        Console.WriteLine("\nA static method on any type, with an argument of");
        Console.WriteLine("    that type and an argument of type C.");
        // D can represent any static method with one argument of the
        // type the method belongs and a second argument of type C.
        // In this case, the method is closed over the instance of
        // supplied for the its first argument, and acts like an instance
        // method. Methods on F and C are shown here.
        //
        d = (D) Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), c1, cmi4);
        d(c2);
        Delegate test = 
            Delegate.CreateDelegate(typeof(D), f1, fmi4, false);

        // This final example specifies false for throwOnBindFailure 
        // in the call to CreateDelegate, so the variable 'test'
        // contains Nothing if the method fails to bind (for 
        // example, if fmi4 happened to represent a method of  
        // some class other than F).
        //
        if (test != null)
        {
            d = (D) test;
            d(c2);
        }
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

An instance method on any type, with an argument of type C.
Instance method M1(C c) on C:  this.id = 42, c.ID = 1491
Instance method M1(C c) on F:  c.ID = 1491

An instance method on C with no arguments.
Instance method M2() on C:  this.id = 42

A static method on any type, with an argument of type C.
Static method M3(C c) on C:  c.ID = 42
Static method M3(C c) on F:  c.ID = 42

A static method on any type, with an argument of
    that type and an argument of type C.
Static method M4(C c1, C c2) on C:  c1.ID = 42, c2.ID = 1491
Static method M4(F f, C c) on F:  c.ID = 1491
*/