This topic has the following sections:

Basic Firewall Information

Default Firewall Settings

Programs to Configure the Firewall

Ports Used by the Database Engine

Ports Used By Analysis Services

Ports Used By Reporting Services

Ports Used By Integration Services

Additional Ports and Services

Interaction with Other Firewall Rules

Overview of Firewall Profiles

Additional Firewall Settings

Using the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Snap-in

Troubleshooting Firewall Settings

Firewalls work by inspecting incoming packets, and comparing them against a set of rules. If the rules allow the packet, the firewall passes the packet to the TCP/IP protocol for additional processing. If the rules do not allow the packet, the firewall discards the packet and, if logging is enabled, creates an entry in the firewall logging file.

The list of allowed traffic is populated in one of the following ways:

• When the computer that has the firewall enabled initiates communication, the firewall creates an entry in the list so that the response is allowed. The incoming response is considered solicited traffic and you do not have to configure this.
  
• An administrator configures exceptions to the firewall. This allows either access to specified programs running on your computer, or access to specified connection ports on your computer. In this case, the computer accepts unsolicited incoming traffic when acting as a server, a listener, or a peer. This is the type of configuration that must be completed to connect to SQL Server.
  

Choosing a firewall strategy is more complex than just deciding if a given port should be open or closed. When designing a firewall strategy for your enterprise, make sure that you consider all the rules and configuration options available to you. This topic does not review all the possible firewall options. We recommend that you review the following documents:

Getting Started with Windows Firewall with Advanced Security in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008

Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Design Guide

Introduction to Server and Domain

The first step in planning your firewall configuration is to determine the current status of the firewall for your operating system. If the operating system was upgraded from a previous version, the earlier firewall settings may have been preserved. Also, the firewall settings could have been changed by another administrator or by a Group Policy in your domain. However, the default settings are as follows:

• Windows Server 2008
  The firewall is on and is blocking remote connections.
  
• Windows Server 2003
  The firewall is off. Administrators should consider turning on the firewall.
  
• Windows Vista
  The firewall is on and is blocking remote connections.
  
• Windows XP, Service Pack 2 or later
  The firewall is on and is blocking remote connections.
  
• Window XP, Service Pack 1 or earlier
  The firewall is off and should be turned on.
  

Note:
Turning on the firewall will affect other programs that access this computer, such as file and print sharing, and remote desktop connections. Administrators should consider all applications that are running on the computer before adjusting the firewall settings.

There are three ways to configure the Windows Firewall settings.

• Windows Firewall item in Control Panel
  The Windows Firewall item can be opened from Control Panel.
  

  Important:

  Changes made in the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel only affect the current profile. Mobile devices, for example a laptop, should not use the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel as the profile might change when it is connected in a different configuration. Then the previously-configured profile will not be in effect. For more information about profiles, see Getting Started with Windows Firewall with Advanced Security in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.

  The Windows Firewall item in Control Panel allows you to configure basic options. These include the following:
  
  • Turning the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel on or off
    
  • Enabling and disabling rules
    
  • Granting exceptions for ports and programs
    
  • Setting some scope restrictions
    
  The Windows Firewall item in Control Panel is most appropriate for users who are not experienced in firewall configuration, and who are configuring basic firewall options for computers that are not mobile. You can also open the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel from the run command by using the following procedure:
  To open the Windows Firewall item

  1. On the Start menu, click Run, and then enter firewall.cpl.

  2. Click OK.

• Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
  The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in lets you configure more advanced firewall settings. This snap-in is only available for Microsoft Vista and Windows Server 2008; however, it presents most of the firewall options in an easy-to-use manner, and presents all firewall profiles. For more information, see Using the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Snap-in later in this topic.
  
• netsh
  The netsh.exe tool can be used by an administrator to configure and monitor Windows-based computers at a command prompt. By using the netsh tool, you can direct the context commands you enter to the appropriate helper, and the helper then performs the command. A helper is a Dynamic Link Library (.dll) file that extends the functionality of the netsh tool by providing configuration, monitoring, and support for one or more services, utilities, or protocols. All operating systems that support SQL Server have a firewall helper. Microsoft Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 also have an advanced firewall helper called advfirewall. How to use netsh is not discussed in this topic. However, many of the configuration options described can be configured by using netsh. For scripts to configure SQL Server using netsh, see How to use a script to programmatically open ports for SQL Server to use on systems that are running Windows XP Service Pack. For more information about netsh, see the following links:
  
  • How to Use the Netsh.exe Tool and Command-Line Switches
    
  • How to use the “netsh advfirewall firewall” context instead of the “netsh firewall” context to control Windows Firewall behavior in Windows Server 2008 and in Windows Vista
    
  • The "netsh firewall" command together with the "profile=all" parameter does not configure the public profile on a Windows Vista-based computer
    
  • Troubleshooting Windows Firewall settings in Windows XP Service Pack 2 for advanced users
    

The following tables can help you identify the ports being used by SQL Server.

Ports Used By the Database Engine

The following table lists the ports that are frequently used by the Database Engine.

Scenario	Port	Comments
SQL Server default instance running over TCP	TCP port 1433	This is the most common port allowed through the firewall. It applies to routine connections to the default installation of the Database Engine, or a named instance that is the only instance running on the computer. (Named instances have special considerations. See Dynamic Ports later in this topic.)
SQL Server named instances in the default configuration	The TCP port is a dynamic port determined at the time the Database Engine starts.	See the discussion below in the section Dynamic Ports. UDP port 1434 might be required for the SQL Server Browser Service when you are using named instances.
SQL Server named instances when they are configured to use a fixed port	The port number configured by the administrator.	See the discussion below in the section Dynamic Ports.
Dedicated Admin Connection	TCP port 1434	By default, remote connections to the Dedicated Administrator Connection (DAC) are not enabled. To enable remote DAC, use the Surface Area Configuration facet. For more information, see Understanding Surface Area Configuration.
SQL Server Browser service	UDP port 1434	The SQL Server Browser service listens for incoming connections to a named instance and provides the client the TCP port number that corresponds to that named instance. Normally the SQL Server Browser service is started whenever named instances of the Database Engine are used. The SQL Server Browser service does not have to be started if the client is configured to connect to the specific port of the named instance.
SQL Server default instance running over an HTTP endpoint.	TCP port 80	Used for an HTTP connection through a URL.
SQL Server default instance running over an HTTPS endpoint.	TCP port 443	Used for an HTTPS connection through a URL. HTTPS is an HTTP connection that uses secure sockets layer (SSL).
Service Broker	TCP port 4022	There is no default port for SQL Server Service Broker, but this is the conventional configuration.
Database Mirroring	Administrator chosen port. To determine the port, execute the following query: SELECT name, protocol_desc, port, state_desc FROM sys.tcp_endpoints WHERE type_desc = 'DATABASE_MIRRORING'	There is no default port for Database mirroring, but this is the conventional configuration. It is very important to avoid interrupting an in-use mirroring endpoint, especially in high-safety mode with automatic failover. Your firewall configuration must avoid breaking quorum. For more information, see Specifying a Server Network Address (Database Mirroring).
Replication	Replication connections to SQL Server use the typical regular Database Engine ports (TCP port 1433, etc.) Web synchronization and FTP/UNC access for replication snapshot require additional ports to be opened on the firewall. To transfer initial data and schema from one location to another, replication can use FTP (TCP port 21), or sync over HTTP (TCP port 80) or File and Print Sharing (TCP port 137,138, or 139).	For sync over HTTP, replication uses the IIS endpoint (ports for which are configurable but is port 80 by default), but the IIS process connects to the backend SQL Server through the standard ports (1433 for the default instance. During Web synchronization using FTP, the FTP transfer is between IIS and the SQL Server publisher, not between subscriber and IIS. For more information, see Configuring Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server for Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Replication over the Internet.
Transact-SQL debugger	TCP port 135 See Special Considerations for Port 135 The IPsec exception might also be required.	If using Visual Studio, on the Visual Studio host computer, you must also add Devenv.exe to the Exceptions list and open TCP port 135. If using Management Studio, on the Management Studio host computer, you must also add ssms.exe to the Exceptions list and open TCP port 135. For more information, see Configuring and Starting the Transact-SQL Debugger.

For step by step instructions to configure the Windows Firewall for the Database Engine, see How to: Configure a Windows Firewall for Database Engine Access.

Dynamic Ports

Named instances (including SQL Server Express) use dynamic ports. That means that every time that the Database Engine starts, it identifies an available port and uses that port number. If the named instance is the only instance of the Database Engine installed, it will probably use TCP port 1433. If other instances of the Database Engine are installed, it will probably use a different TCP port. Because the port selected might change every time that the Database Engine is started, it is difficult to configure the firewall to enable access to the correct port number. Therefore, if a firewall is started, we recommend reconfiguring the Database Engine to use the same port number every time. This is called a fixed port or a static port. For more information, see Configuring a Fixed Port.

An alternative to configuring a named instance to listen on a fixed port is to create an exception in the firewall for a SQL Server program such as sqlservr.exe (for the Database Engine). This can be convenient, but the port number will not appear in the Local Port column of the Inbound Rules page when you are using the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in. This can make it more difficult to audit which ports are open. Another consideration is that a service pack or cumulative update can change the path to the SQL Server executable which will invalidate the firewall rule.

Note:
The following procedure uses the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel. The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in can configure a more complex rule. This includes configuring a service exception which can be useful for providing defense in depth. See Using the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Snap-in below.

To add a program exception to the firewall using the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel.

1. On the Exceptions tab of the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel, click Add a program.

2. Browse to the location of the instance of SQL Server that you want to allow through the firewall, for example C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL10.<instance_name>\MSSQL\Binn, select sqlservr.exe, and then click Open.

3. Click OK.

For more information about endpoints, see Network Protocols and TDS Endpoints and Endpoints Catalog Views (Transact-SQL).

Ports Used By Analysis Services

Ports Used By Reporting Services

Ports Used By Integration Services

Additional Ports and Services

When you use RPC with TCP/IP or with UDP/IP as the transport, inbound ports are frequently dynamically assigned to system services as required; TCP/IP and UDP/IP ports that are larger than port 1024 are used. These are frequently informally referred to as "random RPC ports." In these cases, RPC clients rely on the RPC endpoint mapper to tell them which dynamic ports were assigned to the server. For some RPC-based services, you can configure a specific port instead of letting RPC assign one dynamically. You can also restrict the range of ports that RPC dynamically assigns to a small range, regardless of the service. For more information about this topic, see the following references:

• Service overview and network port requirements for the Windows Server system
  
• Troubleshooting RPC Endpoint Mapper errors using the Windows Server 2003 Support Tools from the product CD
  
• Using Distributed COM with Firewalls
  
• Remote
  
• How to configure RPC dynamic port allocation to work with firewalls
  
• Windows 2000 Startup and Logon Traffic Analysis
  

The Windows Firewall uses rules and rule groups to establish its configuration. Each rule or rule group is generally associated with a particular program or service, and that program or service might modify or delete that rule without your knowledge. For example, the rule groups World Wide Web Services (HTTP) and World Wide Web Services (HTTPS) are associated with IIS. Enabling those rules will open ports 80 and 443, and SQL Server features that depend on ports 80 and 443 will function if those rules are enabled. However, administrators configuring IIS might modify or disable those rules. Therefore, if you are using port 80 or port 443 for SQL Server, you should create your own rule or rule group that maintains your desired port configuration independently of the other IIS rules.

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in allows any traffic that matches any applicable allow rule. So if there are two rules that both apply to port 80 (with different parameters), traffic that matches either rule will be permitted. So if one rule allows traffic over port 80 from local subnet and one rule allows traffic from any address, the net effect is that all traffic to port 80 is permitted regardless of the source. To effectively manage access to SQL Server, administrators should periodically review all firewall rules enabled on the server.

Firewall profiles are discussed in Getting Started with Windows Firewall with Advanced Security in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 in the section Network location-aware host firewall. To summarize, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 identify and remember each of the networks to which they connect with regard to connectivity, connections, and category.

There are three network location types in Windows Firewall with Advanced Security:

• Domain. Windows can authenticate access to the domain controller for the domain to which the computer is joined.
  
• Public. Other than domain networks, all networks are initially categorized as public. Networks that represent direct connections to the Internet or are in public locations, such as airports and coffee shops should be left public.
  
• Private. A network identified by a user or application as private. Only trusted networks should be identified as private networks. Users will likely want to identify home or small business networks as private.
  

The administrator can create a profile for each network location type, with each profile containing different firewall policies. Only one profile is applied at any time. Profile order is applied as follows:

1. If all interfaces are authenticated to the domain controller for the domain of which the computer is a member, the domain profile is applied.
   
2. If all interfaces are either authenticated to the domain controller or are connected to networks that are classified as private network locations, the private profile is applied.
   
3. Otherwise, the public profile is applied.
   

Use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in to view and configure all firewall profiles. The Windows Firewall item in Control Panel only configures the current profile.

Exceptions that you add to the firewall can restrict the opening of the port to incoming connections from specific computers or the local subnet. This restriction of the scope of the port opening can reduce how much your computer is exposed to malicious users, and is recommended.

Note:
Using the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel only configures the current firewall profile.

1. In the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel, select a program or port on the Exceptions tab, and then click Properties or Edit.

2. In the Edit a Program or Edit a Port dialog box, click Change Scope.

3. Choose one of the following options:

   • Any computer (including those on the Internet)
     Not recommended. This will allow any computer that can address your computer to connect to the specified program or port. This setting might be necessary to allow information to be presented to anonymous users on the internet, but increases your exposure to malicious users. Your exposure can be further increased if you enable this setting and also allow Network Address Translation (NAT) traversal, such as the Allow edge traversal option.
     
   • My network (subnet) only
     This is a more secure setting than Any computer. Only computers on the local subnet of your network can connect to the program or port.
     
   • Custom list:
     

   Only computers that have the IP addresses you list can connect. This can be a more secure setting than My network (subnet) only, however, client computers using DHCP can occasionally change their IP address. Then the intended computer will not be able to connect. Another computer, which you had not intended to authorize, might accept the listed IP address and then be able to connect. The Custom list option might be appropriate for listing other servers which are configured to use a fixed IP address; however, IP addresses might be spoofed by an intruder. Restricting firewall rules are only as strong as your network infrastructure.

On computers that are running Vista or Windows Server 2008, additional advanced firewall settings can be configured by using the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in. The snap-in includes a rule wizard and exposes additional settings that are not available in the Windows Firewall item in Control Panel. These settings include the following:

• Encryption settings
  
• Services restrictions
  
• Restricting connections for computers by name
  
• Restricting connections to specific users or profiles
  
• Edge traversal allowing traffic to bypass Network Address Translation (NAT) routers
  
• Configuring outbound rules
  
• Configuring security rules
  
• Requiring IPsec for incoming connections
  

1. On the Start menu, click Run, type WF.msc, and then click OK.

2. In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, in the left pane, right-click Inbound Rules, and then click New Rule.

3. Complete the New Inbound Rule Wizard using the settings that you want.

The following tools and techniques can be useful in troubleshooting firewall issues:

• The effective port status is the union of all rules related to the port. When trying to block access through a port, it can be helpful to review all the rules which cite the port number. To do this, use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security MMC snap-in and sort the inbound and outbound rules by port number.
  
• Review the ports that are active on the computer on which SQL Server is running. This review process includes verifying which TCP/IP ports are listening and also verifying the status of the ports.
  To verify which ports are listening, use the netstat command-line utility. In addition to displaying active TCP connections, the netstat utility also displays a variety of IP statistics and information.
  To list which TCP/IP ports are listening

  1. Open the Command Prompt window.

  2. At the command prompt, type netstat -n -a.

     The -n switch instructs netstat to numerically display the address and port number of active TCP connections. The -a switch instructs netstat to display the TCP and UPD ports on which the computer is listening.

• The PortQry utility can be used to report the status of TCP/IP ports as listening, not listening, or filtered. (With a filtered status, the port might or might not be listening; this status indicates that the utility did not receive a response from the port.) The PortQry utility is available for download from the Microsoft Download Center.
  

For additional troubleshooting topics, see:

• Troubleshooting Windows Firewall with Advanced Security in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 - Diagnostics and Tools
  
• Troubleshooting (Database Engine)
  
• Troubleshooting (Analysis Services - Data Mining)
  
• Troubleshooting (Reporting Services)
  
• Troubleshooting (Integration Services)
  

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