Walkthrough: Creating an Accessible Windows-based Application

Windows Forms Programming

Creating an accessible application has important business implications. Many governments have accessibility regulations for software purchase. The Certified for Windows logo includes accessibility requirements. An estimated 30 million residents of the U.S. alone, many of them potential customers, are affected by the accessibility of software.

This walkthrough will address the five accessibility requirements for the Certified for Windows logo. According to these requirements, an accessible application will:

Support Control Panel size, color, font, and input settings. The menu bar, title bar, borders, and status bar will all resize themselves when the user changes the control panel settings. No additional changes to the controls or code are required in this application.
Support High Contrast mode.
Provide documented keyboard access to all features.
Expose location of the keyboard focus visually and programmatically.
Avoid conveying important information by sound alone.

For more information, see Resources for Designing Accessible Applications, the MSDN Online Certified for Windows Program Web page (http://msdn.microsoft.com/certification/default.asp), and the Designed for Windows XP Application Specification Web page (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=9775 ).

For information on supporting varying keyboard layouts, see Best Practices for Developing World-Ready Applications.

Creating the Project

This walkthrough creates the user interface for an application that takes pizza orders. It consists of a TextBox for the customer's name, a RadioButton group to select the pizza size, a CheckedListBox for selecting the toppings, two Button controls labeled Order and Cancel, and a Menu with an Exit command.

The user enters the customer's name, the size of the pizza, and the toppings desired. When the user clicks the Order button, a summary of the order and its cost are displayed in a message box and the controls are cleared and ready for the next order. When the user clicks the Cancel button, the controls are cleared and ready for the next order. When the user clicks the Exit menu item, the program closes.

The emphasis of this walkthrough is not the code for a retail order system, but the accessibility of the user interface. The walkthrough demonstrates the accessibility features of several frequently used controls, including buttons, radio buttons, text boxes, and labels.

To begin making the application

Create a new Windows Application in Visual Basic or Visual C#. Name the project PizzaOrder. (For details see Creating New Solutions and Projects.)

Adding the Controls to the Form

When adding the controls to a form, keep in mind the following guidelines to make an accessible application:

Set the AccessibleDescription and AccessibleName properties. In this example, the Default setting for the AccessibleRole is sufficient. For more information on the accessibility properties, see Providing Accessibility Information for Controls on a Windows Form.
Set the font size to 10 points or larger.
Note:
If you set the font size of the form to 10 when you start, then all controls subsequently added to the form will have a font size of 10.
Make sure any Label control that describes a TextBox control immediately precedes the TextBox control in the tab order.
Add an access key, using the "&" character, to the Text property of any control the user may want to navigate to.
Add an access key, using the "&" character, to the Text property of the label that precedes a control that the user may want to navigate to. Set the labels' UseMnemonic property to true, so that the focus is set to the next control in the tab order when the user presses the access key.
Add access keys to all menu items.

Note:
If you set the font size of the form to 10 when you start, then all controls subsequently added to the form will have a font size of 10.

To make your Windows Application accessible

Add the controls to the form and set the properties as described below. See the picture at the end of the table for a model of how to arrange the controls on the form.

Object	Property	Value
Form1	AccessibleDescription	Order form
	AccessibleName	Order form
	Font Size	10
	Text	Pizza Order Form
PictureBox	Name	logo
	AccessibleDescription	A slice of pizza
	AccessibleName	Company logo
	Image	Any icon or bitmap
Label	Name	companyLabel
	Text	Good Pizza
	TabIndex	1
	AccessibleDescription	Company name
	AccessibleName	Company name
	Backcolor	Blue
	Forecolor	Yellow
	Font size	18
Label	Name	customerLabel
	Text	&Name
	TabIndex	2
	AccessibleDescription	Customer name label
	AccessibleName	Customer name label
	UseMnemonic	True
TextBox	Name	customerName
	Text	(none)
	TabIndex	3
	AccessibleDescription	Customer name
	AccessibleName	Customer name
GroupBox	Name	sizeOptions
	AccessibleDescription	Pizza size options
	AccessibleName	Pizza size options
	Text	Pizza size
	TabIndex	4
RadioButton	Name	smallPizza
	Text	&Small $6.00
	Checked	True
	TabIndex	0
	AccessibleDescription	Small pizza
	AccessibleName	Small pizza
RadioButton	Name	largePizza
	Text	&Large $10.00
	TabIndex	1
	AccessibleDescription	Large pizza
	AccessibleName	Large pizza
Label	Name	toppingsLabel
	Text	&Toppings ($0.75 each)
	TabIndex	5
	AccessibleDescription	Toppings label
	AccessibleName	Toppings label
	UseMnemonic	True
CheckedListBox	Name	toppings
	TabIndex	6
	AccessibleDescription	Available toppings
	AccessibleName	Available toppings
	Items	Pepperoni, Sausage, Mushrooms
Button	Name	order
	Text	&Order
	TabIndex	7
	AccessibleDescription	Total the order
	AccessibleName	Total order
Button	Name	cancel
	Text	&Cancel
	TabIndex	8
	AccessibleDescription	Cancel the order
	AccessibleName	Cancel order
MainMenu	Name	theMainMenu
MenuItem	Name	fileCommands
	Text	&File
MenuItem	Name	exitApp
	Text	E&xit

Your form will look something like the following:

Supporting High Contrast Mode

High Contrast mode is a Windows system setting that improves readability by using contrasting colors and font sizes that are beneficial for visually impaired users. The SystemInformation.HighContrast Property property is provided to determine whether the High Contrast mode is set.

If SystemInformation.HighContrast is true, the application should:

Display all user interface elements using the system color scheme
Convey by visual cues or sound any information that is conveyed through color. For example, if particular list items are highlighted by using a red font, you could also add bold to the font, so that the user has a non-color cue that the items are highlighted.
Omit any images or patterns behind text

The application should check the setting of HighContrast when the application starts and respond to the system event UserPreferenceChanged. The UserPreferenceChanged event is raised whenever the value of HighContrast changes.

In our application, the only element that is not using the system settings for color is lblCompanyName. The SystemColors Class class is used to change the color settings of the label to the user-selected system colors.

To enable High Contrast mode in an effective way

Create a method to set the colors of the label to the system colors.

' Visual Basic
Private Sub SetColorScheme()
   If SystemInformation.HighContrast Then
      companyLabel.BackColor = SystemColors.Window
      companyLabel.ForeColor = SystemColors.WindowText
   Else
      companyLabel.BackColor = Color.Blue
      companyLabel.ForeColor = Color.Yellow
   End If
End Sub

// C#
private void SetColorScheme()
{
   if (SystemInformation.HighContrast)
   {
      companyLabel.BackColor = SystemColors.Window;
      companyLabel.ForeColor = SystemColors.WindowText;
   }
   else
   {
      companyLabel.BackColor = Color.Blue;
      companyLabel.ForeColor = Color.Yellow;
   }
}

Call the SetColorScheme procedure in the form constructor (Public Sub New() in Visual Basic and public class Form1 in Visual C#). To access the constructor in Visual Basic, you will need to expand the region labeled Windows Form Designer generated code.
```
' Visual Basic 
Public Sub New()
   MyBase.New()
   InitializeComponent()
   SetColorScheme()
End Sub

// C#
public Form1()
{
   InitializeComponent();
   SetColorScheme();
}
```

Create an event procedure, with the appropriate signature, to respond to the UserPreferenceChanged event.

' Visual Basic
Protected Sub UserPreferenceChanged(ByVal sender As Object, _
ByVal e As Microsoft.Win32.UserPreferenceChangedEventArgs)
   SetColorScheme()
End Sub

// C#
public void UserPreferenceChanged(object sender, 
Microsoft.Win32.UserPreferenceChangedEventArgs e)
{
   SetColorScheme();
}

Add code to the form constructor, after the call to InitializeComponents, to hook up the event procedure to the system event. This method calls the SetColorScheme procedure.

' Visual Basic
Public Sub New()
   MyBase.New()
   InitializeComponent()
   SetColorScheme()
   AddHandler Microsoft.Win32.SystemEvents.UserPreferenceChanged, _
      AddressOf Me.UserPreferenceChanged
End Sub

// C#
public Form1()
{
   InitializeComponent();
   SetColorScheme();
   Microsoft.Win32.SystemEvents.UserPreferenceChanged 
      += new Microsoft.Win32.UserPreferenceChangedEventHandler(
      this.UserPreferenceChanged);
}

Add code to the form Dispose method, before the call to the Dispose method of the base class, to release the event when the application closes. To access the Dispose method in Visual Basic, you will need to expand the region labeled Windows Form Designer generated code.

Note:
The system event code runs a thread separate from the main application. If you do not release the event, the code that you hook up to the event will run even after the program is closed.

' Visual Basic
Protected Overloads Overrides Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
   If disposing Then
      If Not (components Is Nothing) Then
         components.Dispose()
      End If
   End If
   RemoveHandler Microsoft.Win32.SystemEvents.UserPreferenceChanged, _
      AddressOf Me.UserPreferenceChanged
   MyBase.Dispose(disposing)
End Sub


// C#
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
{
   if( disposing )
   {
      if (components != null) 
      {
         components.Dispose();
      }
   }
   Microsoft.Win32.SystemEvents.UserPreferenceChanged 
      -= new Microsoft.Win32.UserPreferenceChangedEventHandler(
      this.UserPreferenceChanged);
   base.Dispose( disposing );
}

Press F5 to run the application.

Conveying Important Information by Means Other Than Sound

In this application, no information is conveyed by sound alone. If you use sound in your application, then you should supply the information by some other means as well.

To supply information by some other means than sound

Make the title bar flash by using the Windows API function FlashWindow. For an example of how to call Windows API functions, see Walkthrough: Calling Windows APIs.
Note:
The user may have the Windows SoundSentry service enabled, which will also cause the window to flash when the system sounds are played through the computer's built-in speaker.
Display the important information in a non-modal window so that the user may respond to it. For details, see Displaying Modal and Modeless Windows Forms.
Display a message box that acquires the keyboard focus. Avoid this method when the user may be typing.
Display a status indicator in the status notification area of the taskbar. For details, see Adding Application Icons to the TaskBar with the Windows Forms NotifyIcon Component.

Note:
The user may have the Windows SoundSentry service enabled, which will also cause the window to flash when the system sounds are played through the computer's built-in speaker.

Testing the Application

Before deploying the application, you should test the accessibility features that you have implemented.

To test accessibility features

To test keyboard access, unplug the mouse and navigate the user interface for each feature using only the keyboard. Ensure that all tasks may be performed using the keyboard only.
To test support of High Contrast, choose the Accessibility Options icon in Control Panel. Click the Display tab and select the Use High Contrast check box. Navigate through all user interface elements to ensure that the color and font changes are reflected. Also, ensure that images or patterns drawn behind text are omitted.
Note:
Windows NT 4 does not have an Accessibility Options icon in Control Panel. Thus, this procedure for changing the SystemInformation.HighContrast setting does not work in Windows NT 4.
Other tools are readily available for testing the accessibility of an application.
To test exposing the keyboard focus, run Magnifier. (To open it, click the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Accessories, point to Accessibility, and then click Magnifier). Navigate the user interface using both keyboard tabbing and the mouse. Ensure that all navigation is tracked properly in Magnifier.
To test exposing screen elements, run Inspect, and use both the mouse and the TAB key to reach each element. Ensure that the information presented in the Name, State, Role, Location, and Value fields of the Inspect window is meaningful to the user for each object in the UI. Inspect is installed as part of Microsoft® Active Accessibility® SDK, which is available at http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/downloads/list/accessibility.asp.