Aggregate Clause (Visual Basic)

element

Required. Variable used to iterate through the elements of the collection.

type

Optional. The type of element. If no type is specified, the type of element is inferred from collection.

collection

Required. Refers to the collection to operate on.

clause

Optional. One or more query clauses, such as a Where clause, to refine the query result to apply the aggregate clause or clauses to.

expressionList

Required. One or more comma-delimited expressions that identify an aggregate function to apply to the collection. You can apply an alias to an aggregate function to specify a member name for the query result. If no alias is supplied, the name of the aggregate function is used. For examples, see the section about aggregate functions later in this topic.

The Aggregate clause can be used to include aggregate functions in your queries. Aggregate functions perform checks and computations over a set of values and return a single value. You can access the computed value by using a member of the query result type. The standard aggregate functions that you can use are the All, Any, Average, Count, LongCount, Max, Min, and Sum functions. These functions are familiar to developers who are familiar with aggregates in SQL. They are described in the following section of this topic.

The result of an aggregate function is included in the query result as a field of the query result type. You can supply an alias for the aggregate function result to specify the name of the member of the query result type that will hold the aggregate value. If no alias is supplied, the name of the aggregate function is used.

The Aggregate clause can begin a query, or it can be included as an additional clause in a query. If the Aggregate clause begins a query, the result is a single value that is the result of the aggregate function specified in the Into clause. If more than one aggregate function is specified in the Into clause, the query returns a single type with a separate property to reference the result of each aggregate function in the Into clause. If the Aggregate clause is included as an additional clause in a query, the type returned in the query collection will have a separate property to reference the result of each aggregate function in the Into clause.

The following list describes the standard aggregate functions that can be used with the Aggregate clause.

All

Returns true if all elements in the collection satisfy a specified condition; otherwise returns false. Following is an example:

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Dim customerList1 = Aggregate order In orders _
                    Into AllOrdersOver100 = All(order.Total >= 100)

Any

Returns true if any element in the collection satisfies a specified condition; otherwise returns false. Following is an example:

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Dim customerList2 = From cust In customers _
                    Aggregate order In cust.Orders _
                    Into AnyOrderOver500 = Any(order.Total >= 500)

Average

Computes the average of all elements in the collection, or a computes supplied expression for all elements in the collection. Following is an example:

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Dim customerOrderAverage = Aggregate order In orders _
                           Into Average(order.Total)

Count

Counts the number of elements in the collection. You can supply an optional Boolean expression to count only the number of elements in the collection that satisfy a condition. Following is an example:

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Dim customerOrderAfter1996 = From cust In customers _
                             Aggregate order In cust.Orders _
                             Into Count(order.OrderDate > #12/31/1996#)

Group

Refers to query results that are grouped as a result of a Group By or Group Join clause. The Group function is valid only in the Into clause of a Group By or Group Join clause. For more information and examples, see Group By Clause (Visual Basic) and Group Join Clause (Visual Basic).

LongCount

Counts the number of elements in the collection. You can supply an optional Boolean expression to count only the number of elements in the collection that satisfy a condition. Returns the result as a Long. For an example, see the Count aggregate function.

Max

Computes the maximum value from the collection, or computes a supplied expression for all elements in the collection. Following is an example:

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Dim customerMaxOrder = Aggregate order In orders _
                       Into MaxOrder = Max(order.Total)

Min

Computes the minimum value from the collection, or computes a supplied expression for all elements in the collection. Following is an example:

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Dim customerMinOrder = From cust In customers _
                       Aggregate order In cust.Orders _
                       Into MinOrder = Min(order.Total)

Sum

Computes the sum of all elements in the collection, or computes a supplied expression for all elements in the collection. Following is an example:

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Dim customerTotals = From cust In customers _
                     Aggregate order In cust.Orders _
                     Into Sum(order.Total)

The following code example shows how to use the Aggregate clause to apply aggregate functions to a query result.

Public Sub AggregateSample()
  Dim customers = GetCustomerList()

  Dim customerOrderTotal = _
      From cust In customers _
      Aggregate order In cust.Orders _
      Into Sum(order.Total), MaxOrder = Max(order.Total), _
      MinOrder = Min(order.Total), Avg = Average(order.Total)

  For Each customer In customerOrderTotal
    Console.WriteLine(customer.cust.CompanyName & vbCrLf & _
                     vbTab & "Sum = " & customer.Sum & vbCrLf & _
                     vbTab & "Min = " & customer.MinOrder & vbCrLf & _
                     vbTab & "Max = " & customer.MaxOrder & vbCrLf & _
                     vbTab & "Avg = " & customer.Avg.ToString("#.##"))
  Next 
End Sub

You can include your own custom aggregate functions in a query expression by adding extension methods to the IEnumerable<T> type. Your custom method can then perform a calculation or operation on the enumerable collection that has referenced your aggregate function. For more information about extension methods, see Extension Methods (Visual Basic).

For example, the following code example shows a custom aggregate function that calculates the median value of a collection of numbers. There are two overloads of the Median extension method. The first overload accepts, as input, a collection of type IEnumerable(Of Double). If the Median aggregate function is called for a query field of type Double, this method will be called. The second overload of the Median method can be passed any generic type. The generic overload of the Median method takes a second parameter that references the Func(Of T, Double) lambda expression to project a value for a type (from a collection) as the corresponding value of type Double. It then delegates the calculation of the median value to the other overload of the Median method. For more information about lambda expressions, see Lambda Expressions.

Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices

Module UserDefinedAggregates

    ' Calculate the median value for a collection of type Double.
    <Extension()> _
    Function Median(ByVal values As IEnumerable(Of Double)) As Double 
        If values.Count = 0 Then 
            Throw New InvalidOperationException("Cannot compute median for an empty set.")
        End If 

        Dim sortedList = From number In values _
                         Order By number

        Dim medianValue As Double 

        Dim itemIndex = CInt(Int(sortedList.Count / 2))

        If sortedList.Count Mod 2 = 0 Then 
            ' Even number of items in list.
            medianValue = ((sortedList(itemIndex) + sortedList(itemIndex - 1)) / 2)
        Else 
            ' Odd number of items in list.
            medianValue = sortedList(itemIndex)
        End If 

        Return medianValue
    End Function 

    ' "Cast" the collection of generic items as type Double and call the  
    ' Median() method to calculate the median value.
    <Extension()> _
    Function Median(Of T)(ByVal values As IEnumerable(Of T), _
                          ByVal selector As Func(Of T, Double)) As Double 
        Return (From element In values Select selector(element)).Median()
    End Function 

End Module

The following code example shows sample queries that call the Median aggregate function on a collection of type Integer, and a collection of type Double. The query that calls the Median aggregate function on the collection of type Double calls the overload of the Median method that accepts, as input, a collection of type Double. The query that calls the Median aggregate function on the collection of type Integer calls the generic overload of the Median method.

Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        Dim numbers1() As Integer = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

        Dim query1 = Aggregate num In numbers1 Into Median(num)

        Console.WriteLine("Median = " & query1)

        Dim numbers2() As Double = {1.9, 2, 8, 4, 5.7, 6, 7.2, 0}

        Dim query2 = Aggregate num In numbers2 Into Median()

        Console.WriteLine("Median = " & query2)
    End Sub 

End Module

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